The Fatal Four Hazards in Construction: A Critical Safety Overview

Construction is one of the most hazardous industries, exposing workers to numerous risks daily. However, four specific hazards—commonly known as the “Fatal Four”—account for the majority-of construction-related fatalities. These hazards include falls, struck-by incidents, caught-in/between incidents, and electrocutions.

Falls: The Leading Cause of Construction Fatalities

Falls are the most common cause of death in the construction industry. In 2020, 351 out of 1,008 construction fatalities resulted from falls to lower levels (BLS data). OSHA mandates fall protection for work performed at six feet or higher when other safety measures are absent. Despite this, many workers either lack proper fall protection or use inadequate equipment, significantly increasing the risk of fatal falls.

Electrocutions: A Deadly Workplace Hazard

Electrocutions rank as the second leading cause of death in construction. These fatalities occur due to:

• Direct contact with live powerlines
• Contact with energized equipment
• Booms or machinery touching powerlines
• Faulty or damaged electrical equipment
• Indirect exposure to energized sources

Proper training, equipment inspections, and maintaining safe distances from electrical sources are crucial in preventing electrocution incidents.

Struck-By Incidents: A Constant Site Threat

Struck-by incidents are nearly as deadly as electrocutions and occur when a worker is hit by moving objects, vehicles, or equipment. Common struck-by hazards include:

• Being struck by heavy machinery or vehicles
• Falling objects from heights
• Flying debris from power tools or machinery

Wearing high-visibility clothing, securing materials at heights, and maintaining awareness of moving equipment can help reduce these risks.